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{{Infobox Currency| currency_name_in_local = Reichsmark | image_1 = 20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg| image_title_1 = 20 Reichsmark (1939)| image_2 = 1Reichsmark.jpg| image_title_2 = 1 Reichsmark coin| iso_code =| using_countries =
Germany| symbol = RM| symbol_subunit_1 = Rpf.| plural = Reichsmark| plural_subunit_1 = Reichspfennig| used_coins = 1, 2, 5, 10, 50 Reichspfennig1, 2, 5 Reichsmark| used_banknotes = 5, 10 , 20 , 50 , 100, 1000 Reichsmark| issuing_authority = [Reichsbank in [Germany from 1924 until
June 20,
1948. The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100
Reichspfennig.
History
The Reichsmark was introduced in 1924 as a permanent replacement for the German papiermark. This was necessary due to the hyperinflation which had reached its peak in 1923. The exchange rate between the old Papiermark and the Reichsmark was 1 RM = 1012 Papiermark (one "trillion" in modern English, one "billion" in German and other European languages, see
long and short scales). To stabilize the economy and to smooth the transition, the Papiermark was not directly replaced by the Reichsmark, but by the German rentenmark, an interim currency backed by the Deutsche Rentenbank, owning industrial and agricultural real estate assets. The Reichsmark was put on the
gold standard at the rate previously used by the
German gold mark, with the
U.S. dollar worth 4.2 RM.
During the Second World War, Germany established fixed exchange rates between the Reichsmark and the currencies of the occupied countries, often set so as to give the Germans economic benefits. The rates were as follows:
{] || align = "right"|May 1940 || align = "center"|0.1|-|align = "right"|July 1940 || align = "center"|0.08|-|Bohemian and Moravian koruna ] || align = "right"|1940 || align = "center"|1|-|French franc ] || align = "right"|1943 || align = "center"|0.1|-|rowspan="2"|
Luxembourg franc ] || align = "right"|May 10, 1940 || align = "center"|1.5|-|align = "right"|July 17, 1940 || align = "center"|1.327|-|rowspan="2"|Norwegian krone ] || align = "right"|1939 || align = "center"|0.5|-|British Pound (
Occupation of the Channel Islands) || align = "right"|1940 || align = "center"|5 (initially)|-|
Serbian dinar ] || align = "right"|1939 || align = "center"|0.1|-|align = "right"|October 1, 1940 || align = "center"|0.086|-|
Ukrainian karbovanets ], the Reichsmark continued to circulate in Germany, with new banknotes printed in the
United States and U.S.S.R. as well as coins. The Reichsmark was replaced by the
German mark in
West Germany and by the
East German mark ("Mark der DDR" or "Ostmark") in East Germany.
Coins
In 1924, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 50 Reichspfennig, and 1 and 3 Mark (not Reichsmark). The 1 and 2 Reichspfennig were struck in bronze, with the 5, 10 and 50 Reichspfennig in aluminium-bronze and the two highest denominations in .500 fineness silver. In 1925, .500 fineness silver 1 and 2 Reichsmark coins were introduced for circulation, along with the first commemorative 3 and 5 Reichsmark coins. In 1927, nickel 50 Reichspfennig coins were introduced along with regular-type 5 Reichsmark coins, followed by 3 Reichsmark in 1931.
4 Reichspfennig coins were issued in 1932 as part of a failed attempt by the
Reichskanzler Heinrich Brüning to reduce prices through use of 4 Reichspfennig pieces instead of 5 Reichspfennig coins. Known as the
Brüningtaler or
Armer Heinrich ("poor Heinrich"), they were demonetized the following year. See Brüningtaler .
Production of silver 1 Reichsmark coins ended in 1927. In 1933, nickel 1 Reichsmark coins were introduced, and new silver 2 and 5 Reichsmark coins were introduced which were smaller but struck in .625 and .900 fineness so as to maintain the amount of silver. Production of the 3 Reichsmark coin ceased altogether. In 1935, aluminium 50 Reichspfennig coins were introduced, although nickel was again used in 1938 and 1939. From 1936, all coins except the 1 Reichsmark and the first version 5 Reichsmark Paul von Hindeburg (1935-36) bore the
Nazi insignia.
During the
Second World War, bronze and aluminium-bronze coins were replaced by zinc and aluminium, with the 2 Reichspfennig and denominations over 50 Reichspfennig no longer issued. The last production of coins bearing the
swastika was in 1944 for the 5 and 50 Reichspfennig and 1945 for the 1 and 10 Reichspfennig.
After the war, the Allies issued coins in relatively small numbers between 1945 and 1948. 1 Reichspfennig were struck in 1945 and 1946), 5 Reichspfennig in 1947 and 1948, and 10 Reichspfennig between 1945 and 1948. The coins were issued with designs very similar to those of the Third Reich. Only the
swastika was removed from beneath the eagle on the obverse.
Banknotes
from Germany of 1935 ( http://www.germannotes.com)
The first Reichsmark banknotes was introduced by the Reichsbank and state banks such as those of Bavaria, Saxony and Baden. The first Reichsbank issue of 1924 came in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1000 Reichsmark. This was followed by a second issue in the same denominations, dated between 1929 and 1936. A 20 Reichsmark note was introduced in 1939, using a design taken from an unissued Austrian 100 schilling banknote type. 5 Reichsmark notes were issued in 1942. Throughout this period, the Rentenbank also issued banknotes denominated in Rentenmark, mostly in low denominations.
Following their occupation of Germany, the Allies issued banknotes dated 1944. These were printed in similar colours with different sizes for groups of denominations. Notes were issued for ½, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1000 Mark (not Reichsmark). The issuer was the
Alliierte Militärbehörde with
In Umlauf gesetzt in Deutschland printed on the obverse.
In 1947 Rhineland-Palatinate issued 5 and 10 Pfennig notes with Geldshein on them.
Occupation Reichsmark
Coins and banknotes for circulation in the occupied territories during WWII by the
Reichskreditkassen. Holed, zinc coins for 5 and 10 Reichspfennig coins were struck in 1940 and 1941. Paper money was issued between 1939 and 1945 in denominations of 50 Reichspfennig, 1, 2, 5, 20 and 50 Reichsmark. These served as legal tender along side the currency of the occupied countries.
Military Reichsmark
The military Reichsmark was used by the Wehrmacht from 1942-
1944. The first issue was denominated in 1, 5, 10 and 50 Reichspfennig, but was valued at 1 military Reichspfennig = 10 German Reichspfennig. This series was unifaced. The second issue of 1, 5, 10 and 50 Reichsmark were equal in value to the German Reichsmark and was printed on both sides.
Concentration Camps' Reichsmark
prisoner of war camp.Various issues were used in Concentration camp and Prisoner of war camps. None were legal tender in Germany itself.
See also
- Reichsbank
- Pfennig
- 1921 in Germany
- 1922 in Germany
References
External links
{{Standard numismatics external links| world_coin_gallery_1_url = Germany| world_coin_gallery_1_name = Germany - Weimar Republic| world_coin_gallery_1_anchor = Weimar| banknote_world_1_url = germany3| banknote_world_1_name = Germany - 1924 to 1947| dollarization_1_url =| dollarization_1_name =| gfd_1_url = Germany| gfd_1_name = Germany| gfd_data_1_url = 4009| gfd_data_1_name = Germany Deutschemark| show_gfd_excel = Y-->
- German currency and history
- WWII Nazi German Coins & Occupation Coins, FREE Checklist!
- Weimar coins
- Third Reich coins
- Money on Slammer with mintages
German Reichsmark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Reichsmark (English: Realm Mark; symbol: RM) was the currency in Germany from 1924 until June 20, 1948. The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 Reichspfennig.
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